Section 1 Basics
1. Orthotic Prescription
Terminology
Evaluation of the Patient
Orthotic Prescription
Case Scenario and Orthotic Prescription Recommendation

2. Materials Science
Understanding Material Science to Maximize Patient Safety
Imperial and Metric Conversions
Strength and Stress
Moment of Inertia
Metals
Steel and Aluminum Alloys
Strengthening Aluminum and Steel
Preventing Failure and Maximizing Patient Safety
Fastening Components
Plastics and Composites
Thermosetting Plastics
Thermoforming Plastics

3. Principles of Fabrication
Data Collection: Measurements, Impressions, and Scans
Thermoplastic Materials
Thermoset Lamination Techniques
Computer-Aided Design
Computer-Aided Manufacturing: Model Carving and Additive Manufacturing

4. Principles of Normal and Pathologic Gait
Normal Human Gait
Pathologic Gait

Section 2 Spinal Orthoses
5. Biomechanics of the Spine
Spinal Orthoses
Spinal Stability Under Stress
Spinal Instability
Biomechanics of Surgical Decompression and Stabilization

6. Principles and Components of Spinal Orthoses
Semirigid Spinal Orthoses (Corsets)
Rigid Spinal Orthoses
Cervical Orthoses
Orthoses for Spinal Deformity

7. Orthoses for Spinal Pain
Orthoses in Low Back Pain
Cervical Orthoses

8. Orthoses for Spinal Deformities
Scoliosis

9. Orthoses for Spinal Trauma and Postoperative Care
Historical Perspective
Cervical Spinal Trauma
Thoracolumbar Spinal Trauma
Postoperative Care
Current Issues and Research

10. Orthoses for Osteoporosis
Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis
Overview of Vertebral Compression Fractures
Orthoses for Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures
Orthotic Management of Osteoporosis
Best Practices
Supporting Evidence

Section 3 Upper Limb Orthoses
11. Biomechanics of the Upper Limb
Motion
Stability
Strength

12. Principles and Components of Upper Limb Orthoses
Clinical Principles of Upper Limb Orthotic Management
Design Principles for Upper Limb Orthoses
Team-Based Approach to Orthotic Management
Clinical Use and Training

13. Upper Limb Orthoses for the Stroke- and Brain-Injured Patient
General Principles
Treatment Options for Temporary Control of Spasticity
Causes of Limited Joint Motion
General Classification of Orthoses
Uses of Orthotic Devices

14. Upper Limb Orthoses for Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries and Brachial Plexus Injuries
Spinal Cord Injury
Brachial Plexus Injuries

15. Orthoses for the Burned Hand
Pathophysiology
Initial Assessment
Treatment and Recommendations
Orthotic Management
Best Practices in the Treatment of Specific Complications of Burned Hands

16. Orthotic Treatment Considerations for Arthritis and Overuse Syndromes in the Upper Limb
Section I Orthotic Treatment Considerations for Arthritis in the Upper Limb
Section II Orthotic Treatment Considerations for Overuse Syndromes in the Upper Limb

17. Functional Bracing of Selected Upper Limb Fractures
Functional Bracing of Diaphyseal Humeral Fractures
Functional Bracing of Diaphyseal Ulnar Fractures
Functional Casting and Bracing of Distal Radius Fractures

Section 4 Lower Limb Orthoses
18. Biomechanics of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle
Basic Biomechanical Principles
Application of Biomechanical Principles to Normal and Pathologic Gait
Application of Biomechanical Principles to Orthoses
Relevance of Biomechanical Principles to Total Patient Management

19. Foot Biomechanics
Anatomy
Motion
Open and Closed Chain Motion
Foot Stability
Gait
Surgical Considerations in the Correction of Foot Deformities
Musculotendinous Considerations
Bony Procedures

20. Shoes and Shoe Modifications
Essence of Footwear
Anatomy of the Foot
Anatomy of the Shoe
Purpose of Footwear
Importance of Proper Fit
Choosing the Right Footwear
Various Shoe Types and Going Shoeless
Shoe Construction
Functional Orthotics and Accommodative Orthotics
Orthotics and Technology
Technology Ideas and Advances

21. Foot Orthoses
Evaluation
Impression-Taking Techniques
Design
Materials
Components of the Foot Orthosis

22. Lower Limb Orthoses
Foot Orthoses
Ankle–Foot Orthoses
Knee Orthoses
Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses
Hip Orthoses
Hip–Knee–Ankle–Foot Orthoses
Pediatric Orthoses
Specialty Lower Extremity Orthoses

23. Lower Limb Orthoses for Persons With Spinal Cord Injury
Evaluation
Clinical Examination
Walking Recovery
Orthoses and the Compensation-Based Approach

24. Orthoses in Total Joint Arthroplasty
Orthoses After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Orthoses After Total Knee Arthroplasty

25. Knee Orthoses for Sports-Related Issues
Knee Joint Biomechanics
Orthosis Design
Clinical Relevance
Historical Perspective
Ligamentous Injuries
Osteoarthritis
Patellofemoral Pain

26. Orthotic Management of Neuropathic and Dysvascular Feet
Peripheral Neuropathy
Examination
Documentation
Prevention and Patient Education
Orthotic Treatment Interventions
Peripheral Vascular Disease

27. Orthotic Management of Polio and Postpolio Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Historical Perspective
Current Issues
Current Research
Treatment Recommendations
Orthotic Management
Best Practices

28. Lower Limb Orthoses for Persons Who Have Had a Stroke
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Key Issues
Orthotic Treatment Recommendations
Orthotic Management
Current Research

29. Assessment and Orthotic Management of Gait Dysfunction in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury
Normal Locomotion
Lower Limb Orthoses

Section 5 Pediatric Orthoses
30. Congenital and Acquired Disorders
Physiologic Development and Alignment (Genu Varum and Valgum)
Congenital Foot Deformities

31. Pediatric Hip Orthoses
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Legg-CalvÉ-Perthes Disease
Cerebral Palsy
Lower-Extremity Weakness or Paralysis
Postoperative Hip Orthoses

32. Orthoses for the Muscle Disease Patient
Orthotic Treatment Interventions

33. Orthoses for Cerebral Palsy
Pathophysiology
Historical Perspective
Current Research
Treatment Recommendations
Orthotic Management
Ankle–Foot Orthosis–Footwear Combination Tuning
Functional Electrical Stimulation
Computer-Aided Design, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, and 3D-Printing Applications for Orthotics and Prosthetics
Best Practice

34. Orthoses for Myelomeningocele
Thoracic/High Lumbar Levels
Midlumbar to Low Lumbar Level
High Sacral Level
Low Sacral Level

35. Cranial Remolding Orthoses
Pathophysiology
Historical Perspective
Current Issues
Current Research
Treatment Recommendations
Orthotic Management
Craniosynostosis: Orthotic Management
Treatment Outcomes
Best Practices

Section 6 Assistive Devices
36. Canes, Crutches, and Walkers
Canes
Crutches
Walkers
Measuring Assistive Devices
Gait Patterns
Biomechanics of Assistive Devices
Energy Expenditure
Benefits of Assistive Devices
Complications of Assistive Devices

37. Wheeled Mobility
Seating Evaluation
Postural Evaluation: Fixed or Flexible?
Accommodation Versus Correction of Deformity
Types of Seating Systems
Cushion Selection
Pressure Mapping

38. Wheeled Mobility
Wheeled Mobility Clinic Team
Manual Wheeled Mobility
Powered Wheeled Mobility
Transportation
Wheelchair Skills Training

39. Wheelchair and Assistive Device Considerations for Remote Settings
Benefits of Wheelchairs and Assistive Devices
Provision
Demand and Needs
Barriers
Removing Barriers and Increasing Access

40. Communication Devices and Electronic Aids to Activities of Daily Living
Evaluation
Interdisciplinary Team
Funding
Access
Scanning
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Electronic Aids to Daily Living
Integration of Equipment
Training
Reevaluation
Future of Technology

41. Sports Adaptations and Assistive Devices for Recreation
General Exercise Considerations
Activity and Sport Specific Considerations
All-Terrain Vehicles
Archery
Basketball and Rugby
Billiards
Bowling
Cycling
Equestrian Sports
Fencing
Fishing
Golf
Hunting and Shooting
Sled Hockey
Paddling Sports
Power Soccer
Sailing
Scuba Diving
Snow Skiing
Softball
Swimming
Table Tennis
Tai Chi
Tennis
Track and Field

42. Driving and Related Assistive Devices
Driver Evaluation
Driver Training
Fitting and Orientation
Vehicle Selection
Predrive
Upper Torso Support
Driving Controls
Special Precautions

43. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Applications
Upper Limb Applications
Lower Limb Applications

44. Exoskeletal Assisted Rehabilitation After Spinal Cord Injury
Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
Effects of Lack of Weight-Bearing on a Person With Spinal Cord Injury
Exoskeleton Training Protocols

45. Future Trends and Research in Orthoses
Stance Control Devices
Powered Devices
Functional Electrical Stimulation Systems
Emerging Technologies